Bipolar disorder (formerly known as manic depression) is a mental health condition categorized as a mood disorder. People with bipolar disorder experience episodes of significant changes in mood, energy, activity levels, and thinking. These episodes may include emotional highs, known as mania or hypomania, and emotional lows associated with depression.
During a manic or hypomanic episode, a person may experience an elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, increased self-esteem or confidence, increased energy, a reduced need for sleep, increased talkativeness, racing thoughts, and a greater focus on goals or activities. Some individuals may also experience hallucinations or delusions during severe manic episodes.
There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:
1. Bipolar I Disorder
Bipolar I disorder is typically the most severe form of the condition. It involves at least one manic episode lasting at least seven days or symptoms severe enough to require immediate hospital care. Depressive episodes often occur as well and typically last at least two weeks. Individuals with Bipolar I disorder may be at increased risk of suicide and should seek appropriate treatment and support.
2. Bipolar II Disorder
This type involves a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, which are less severe than manic episodes. There are often periods of stable moods between episodes, although the condition can be difficult to recognize because symptoms may not always appear severe. Individuals with Bipolar II disorder may also be at increased risk of suicide.
3. Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia)
Cyclothymia involves numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for hypomanic or major depressive episodes. Periods of stable mood may be less frequent. Because cyclothymia often begins early in life, symptoms may sometimes be mistaken for aspects of a person’s temperament or personality.
Living with Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder affects more than mood. It can influence a person’s energy, concentration, decision-making, sleep, relationships, education, and employment. Experiences vary widely from person to person. Many people living with bipolar disorder successfully manage their condition and lead fulfilling personal and professional lives, particularly when they have access to appropriate treatment, support, and accommodations when needed.
Some individuals may appear highly functional while managing challenges that are not visible to others. Stigma and self-stigma can create additional barriers, making it harder to seek help or speak openly about mental health. A recovery-oriented approach recognizes that people living with bipolar disorder can thrive and contribute meaningfully to their communities while managing their symptoms.
Workplace Considerations
Some people living with bipolar disorder may benefit from workplace accommodations that support their success and well-being. Depending on individual needs, these accommodations may include flexible scheduling, temporary adjustments to work location, structured supervision, modified deadlines, or other supports. Accommodation should be based on individual circumstances and functional needs rather than assumptions about a diagnosis.