Depression, also known as clinical depression or major depressive disorder (MDD), is a mental health condition that affects how a person feels, thinks, and acts. While everyone experiences sadness from time to time, depression is more severe, lasts longer, and can significantly interfere with daily life, work, school, relationships, and overall well-being.
Depression can affect people differently. Some individuals may appear to be functioning well at work, school, or in social situations while experiencing significant emotional distress internally. Because symptoms are not always visible, depression can sometimes go unrecognized by others, making it harder for people to seek help and support.
Depressive Episodes
Depression is typically experienced through depressive episodes, which are periods when symptoms are present most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks. Symptoms may include:
- Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness
- Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed
- Changes in appetite or weight
- Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much
- Fatigue or low energy
- Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering information
- Feelings of worthlessness, excessive guilt, or self-criticism
- Restlessness or slowed movement and speech
- Recurrent thoughts of death, suicide, or self-harm
The severity, duration, and impact of symptoms can vary from person to person.
Depression and Physical Health
Depression is closely connected to physical health. It commonly occurs alongside chronic health conditions and can affect a person’s ability to manage symptoms, follow treatment plans, and maintain overall wellness. Likewise, living with a chronic illness can increase the risk of developing depression. Research shows that addressing both mental and physical health together leads to better health outcomes and quality of life.
Treatment and Recovery
Depression is treatable, and many people recover or learn to manage their symptoms effectively with appropriate support. Treatment may include:
- Psychotherapy (talk therapy): Helps individuals understand and manage their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
- Medication: Antidepressant medications prescribed by a health-care provider may help reduce symptoms.
- Lifestyle approaches: Regular physical activity, healthy eating, adequate sleep, social connection, and stress management can support recovery and overall well-being.
- Peer, family, and community support: Connection and understanding from others can play an important role in recovery.
Learn More
- CAMH, Depression
- Hiding My Struggle with Depression
- Tackling Teen Tech Addiction
- You are not alone – let’s talk about suicidal ideation
- A tale of two illnesses